Professor Nigel Gould-Davies

Adjunct Professor of International Relations at Johns Hopkins University
 
Experience
Adjunct Professor of International Relations at Johns Hopkins University
May 2014 - Present (2 months)
 
Designing and teaching a course on 'Comparative Transitions to Democracy' at Yangon University
 
Head of Policy and Corporate Affairs for South and East Asia at BG Group
April 2013 - Present (1 year 3 months)
 
Vice President, Policy and Corporate Affairs, Central Asia at BG Group
September 2010 - Present (3 years 10 months)
 
Government relations
Managing and mitigating political risk
Communications and media relations
Delivering sustainability strategy
 
Project Director at Foreign and Commonwealth Office
2009 - September 2010 (1 year)
 
Ambassador to Belarus at Foreign and Commonwealth Office
2007 - 2009 (2 years)
 
Head of Economic Section, British Embassy, Moscow at Foreign and Commonwealth Office
2003 - 2007 (4 years)
 
Research Analyst at Foreign and Commonwealth Office
2000 - 2003 (3 years)
 
Lecturer in Politics at Oxford University, UK
1996 - 2000 (4 years)
 
Education
 
Harvard University
Ph.D., Political Science, 1989 - 1996
University of Oxford
 
M.Phil., International Relations, 1987 - 1989
University of Oxford

B.A. (Hons), Philosophy, Politics and Economics, 1984 - 1987

အရပ္ဘက္-စစ္ဘက္ ဥပေဒသ ရွစ္ခ်က္

          ပေရာ္ဖက္ရွင္နယ္ တပ္မေတာ္မ်ားကို ဒီမိုကရက္တစ္အရပ္ဘက္ အစိုးရက ေျပေျပလည္လည္ ေခ်ာေခ်ာေမြ႕ေမြ႕ ထိန္းသိမ္းကိုင္တြယ္ႏိုင္ဖို႕အတြက္ ေသခ်ာေစမယ့္ ဥပေဒသ ရွစ္ခ်က္ကို တင္ျပလိုပါတယ္။ တင္ျပပါ ဥပေဒသမ်ားဟာ စစ္ဘက္ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ ဒီမိုကရက္တစ္ အရပ္ဘက္ စသည္ျဖင့္ ဘက္တစ္ဘက္တည္းက လိုက္နာ က်င့္သံုးလို႕ မရဘဲဲ တစ္ခ်ိဳ႕ကို စစ္ဘက္က လုိက္နာ က်င့္သံုးရမွာ ျဖစ္ၿပီး တစ္ခ်ိဳ႕ကို အရပ္ဘက္က လိုက္နာက်င့္သံုးရမွာ ျဖစ္ကာ တစ္ခ်ိဳ႕ကိုေတာ့ အတူတကြ ပူးေပါင္း က်င့္သံုးရမွာ ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း ေတြ႕ရွိႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾါကာင့္ ပေရာ္ဖက္ရွင္နယ္ တပ္မေတာ္ေတြကို အရပ္ဘက္ ဒီမိုကရက္တစ္ အစိုးရေတြက ထိန္းသိမ္းကိုင္တြယ္မယ္ဆိုရင္ ႏွစ္ဘက္လံုးရဲ႕ ပူးေပါင္းေဆာင္ရြက္မွဳ မရွိဘဲနဲ႕ မျဖစ္ႏုိင္သလို အရပ္ဘက္ ဒီမိုကရက္တစ္မ်ားရဲ႕ အရည္အခ်င္းကလည္း အင္မတန္ အေရးႀကီးေၾကာင္း ေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။

  

    ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္တစ္။ အရပ္ဘက္ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားက ႏိုင္ငံျခားေရးနဲ႕ ကာကြယ္ေရးဆိုင္ရာ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာမ်ားကို ခ်မွတ္ေပးရမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ စစ္ဘက္က လိုက္နာ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရမယ့္ ရည္မွန္းခ်က္ေတြ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာေတြကို အရပ္ဘက္က ဆံုးျဖတ္ေပးတာ၊ စစ္ေရးအသံုးစရိတ္ကို အရပ္ဘက္က တြက္ခ်က္ ျပဌာန္းေပးတာ စသည္ျဖင့္ ပေရာ္ဖက္ရွင္နယ္ တပ္မေတာ္ကို တုိင္းျပည္အတြက္ အလြန္ အဖိုးတန္ အသံုး၀င္တဲ့ အဖြဲ႕အစည္းတစ္ခုအျဖစ္ အသိအမွတ္လည္းျပဳ အသံုး၀င္ေအာင္လည္း ပံုသြင္းေပးတဲ့သေဘာတရား ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီလို စစ္ဘက္က လုပ္ေဆာင္ရမယ့္ ရည္မွန္းခ်က္ေတြ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာေတြ ႏိုင္ငံျခားေရးဆိုင္ရာ မူ၀ါဒေတြ (ဥပမာ နယ္ျခားဆိုင္ရာ မူ၀ါဒေတြ) ကို အရပ္ဘက္ ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြက သတ္္မွတ္ျပဌာန္းေပးဖို႕ဆိုတာ အရပ္ဘက္ ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြမွာ ေတာ္႐ံုတန္႐ံု အရည္အခ်င္း ရွိ႐ံုနဲ႕ မရဘူးဆိုတာ အေထြအထူး ေျပာေနဖို႕ေတာင္ မလိုေတာ့ပါဘူး။ အေျခခံဥပေဒထဲမွာ ထည့္သြင္း ျပဌာန္းထားသည္ျဖစ္ေစ မထားသည္ျဖစ္ေစ အရပ္ဘက္ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြမွာ စစ္ေရးအျမင္ရွိဖို႕ လိုအပ္တယ္ဆိုတာ ေျပာစရာမလိုေအာင္ ထင္ရွားလွပါတယ္။ အထက္ေအာက္ အမိန္႕ေပးစနစ္နဲ႕ အသားတက်ျဖစ္ေနတဲ့ တပ္မေတာ္လို အဖြဲ႕အစည္းမ်ိဳးဟာ သတ္မွတ္ျပဌာန္းေပးတာကို နာခံလုပ္ေဆာင္မွာ ျဖစ္တဲ့အတြက္ အမိန္႕ေပး သူအတြက္လည္း တာ၀န္ႀကီးေလးမွာကေတာ့ အမွန္ပါပဲ။ ႏိုင္ငံလံုးဆိုင္ရာ ကာကြယ္ေရး မဟာဗ်ဴဟာေတြကို ခ်မွတ္ေပးရမယ့္ သမၼတအပါအ၀င္ အရပ္ဘက္ႏိုင္ငံေရးေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြရဲ႕ အရည္အခ်င္း ျပည့္၀တာနဲ႕အမွ် ႏိုင္ငံရဲ႕ ကာကြယ္ေရးစြမ္းရည္က အေျဖထုတ္ေပးမွာ ျဖစ္ၿပီး အဲသည္ ျပဌာန္းေပးခ်က္ေတြကိုလည္း တပ္မေတာ္က လိုက္နာဖို႕ မလြဲမေသြ လုိအပ္ပါတယ္။ လက္ရွိမွာ တပ္မေတာ္အတြက္ ကာကြယ္ေရးအသံုးစရိတ္ကို တပ္မေတာ္သားအခ်ိဳ႕ပါ၀င္တဲ့ လႊတ္ေတာ္က သတ္မွတ္ျပဌာန္းေပးတာ ေတြ႕ရၿပီး ကာကြယ္ေရး အသံုးစရိတ္နဲ႕ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး လႊြတ္ေတာ္ထဲမွာ ႀကီးႀကီးက်ယ္က်ယ္ အျငင္းပြားၾကတာမ်ိဳး မေတြ႕ပါဘူး။ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ ကာကြယ္ေရး မဟာဗ်ဴဟာေတြနဲ႕ ပတ္သက္ၿပီးေတာ့ လက္ရွိ အစိုးရက သတ္သတ္မွတ္မွတ္ ျပဌာန္းေပးတာ၊ ျပန္လည္ သံုးသပ္ျပင္ဆင္တာမ်ိဳး မေတြ႕ရဘဲ ယခင္ကတည္းက က်င့္သံုးခဲ့တဲ့ ျပည္သူ႕စစ္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာကိုပဲ ဆက္လက္ က်င့္သံုးေနတာ ေတြ႕ရမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

    ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္ႏွစ္။    တပ္မေတာ္ရဲ႕ လြတ္လပ္စြာ စီမံခန္႕ခြဲ ေဆာင္ရြက္ပိုင္ခြင့္ကို အရပ္ဘက္ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြက အသိအမွတ္ျပဳ ေလးစားေပးရမယ္ဆိုတာက ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္ ႏွစ္ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ မူရင္းစာသားကေတာ့ "autonomous military professionalism" လို႕ ေရးထားတာပါ။ ဆိုလိုတာကေတာ့ တပ္မေတာ္ရဲ႕ ကိစၥအ၀၀ကို စီမံခန္႕ခြဲ ေဆာင္ရြက္တဲ့ ေနရာမွာ တပ္မေတာ္ကိုယ္တုိင္ လြတ္လြတ္လပ္လပ္ ကိုယ့္မူကို ခ်မွတ္လုပ္ေဆာင္ေနတာကို အသိအမွတ္ျပဳ ေလးစားရမယ္ လို႕ ဆိုလိုတာပါ။ ဒီလိုေျပာလိုက္ရင္ ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္တစ္နဲ႕က တစ္မ်ိဳးေျပာၿပီး ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္ႏွစ္က တစ္မ်ိဳးေျပာျပန္တယ္လုိ႕ သာမန္အားျဖင့္ ထင္စရာရွိပါတယ္။ တပ္မေတာ္တစ္ရပ္လံုးအေနနဲ႕ လိုက္နာေဆာင္ရြက္ရမယ့္ မူ၀ါဒနဲ႕ ေလွ်ာက္ရမယ့္ လမ္းေၾကာင္းကို အရပ္ဘက္က သတ္မွတ္ျပဌာန္းေပးရမယ္လို႕ ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္တစ္က ဆိုထားတာ ျဖစ္ၿပီး အဲသည္လမ္းေၾကာင္းေပၚကို ေလွ်ာက္လွမ္းေနတဲ့ တပ္မေတာ္ရဲ႕ ကိစၥအ၀၀ကို တပ္မေတာ္ဘာသာ လြတ္လြတ္လပ္လပ္ စီမံခန္႕ခြဲခြင့္ ေပးရမယ္လို႕ ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္ႏွစ္ က ဆိုထားတာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ ေျပာရရင္ တပ္ေတြကို ဖြဲ႕စည္းတာ အဆင့္ေတြ သတ္မွတ္တာ တပ္မေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာ သေဘာတရားေတြ ျပဌာန္းတာ တပ္မေတာ္သားမ်ားဆိုင္ရာ အရည္အခ်င္းေတြ သတ္မွတ္တာ ရာထူးအဆင့္ ခန္႕အပ္ေရး တိုးျမွင့္ေရး ကိစၥရပ္ေတြမွာ တပ္မေတာ္ကို လြတ္လြတ္လပ္လပ္ စီမံခန္႕ခြဲခြင့္ မ်ားမ်ားႀကီး ေပးထားရမယ္လို႕ ဆိုပါတယ္။ အရပ္ဘက္က လံုး၀ ၀င္မစြက္ဖက္ရဘူးလို႕ မဆုိလုိပါဘူး။ တပ္မေတာ္ ကာကြယ္ေရးဦးစီးခ်ဳပ္နဲ႕ အျခား တပ္မေတာ္ထိပ္ပိုင္း ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြကို ခန္႕အပ္တာမ်ိဳးကို အရပ္ဘက္က မူ၀ါဒ သတ္မွတ္ျပဌာန္းေပးလို႕ ရပါတယ္။ လံုး၀ ၀င္မစြက္ရဘူးလို႕ ေျပာတာမဟုတ္ဘဲ စီမံေဆာင္ရြက္ခြင့္ မ်ားမ်ားႀကီး ေပးရမယ္ဆိုတာ သတိျပဳေစခ်င္တာပါ။ တပ္မေတာ္ေတြရဲ႕ ရဲေဘာ္ရဲဘက္စိတ္ ေက်ာ႐ိုးျဖစ္တဲ့ ဖခင္သဖြယ္စိတ္ထား (Fatherly Spirit) တပ္မွဴးသဖြယ္စိတ္ထား (Commanderly Spirit) ညီရင္းအစ္ကိုသဖြယ္စိတ္ထား (Brotherly Spirit) စတဲ့ သံေယာဇဥ္ေတြ အမိန္႕နာခံမွဳေတြ အသက္ေပးခ်စ္ခင္မွဳေတြနဲ႕ ဖြဲ႕စည္းထားတဲ့ အဖြဲ႕အစည္းျဖစ္တဲ့အတြက္ အဆင့္တိုင္းကို အေသးစိတ္ အရပ္ဘက္က လိုက္ၿပီး စီမံခန္႕ခြဲေပးေနမယ္ဆိုရင္ တပ္မေတာ္ရဲ႕ မူလတန္ဖိုးေတြ ယုတ္ေလ်ာ့ပ်က္စီးႏိုင္တဲ့အတြက္ အခုလို လြတ္လပ္စြာ စီမံခြင့္ေတြ မ်ားမ်ားႀကီး ေပးထားဖို႕ လိုတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ျမန္မာ့တပ္မေတာ္နဲ႕ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး အေျခခံဥပေဒ ပုဒ္မ ၂၀(ခ) မွာ "တပ္မေတာ္သည္ တပ္ပိုင္းဆိုင္ရာ ကိစၥအားလံုးကို လြတ္လပ္စြာ စီမံခန္႕ခြဲ ေဆာင္ရြက္ပိုင္ခြင့္ရွိသည္။" လို႕ ျပဌာန္းထားၿပီး လက္ေတြ႕မွာလည္း အရပ္ဘက္က တပ္မေတာ္ရဲ႕ လြတ္လပ္စြာ စီမံခန္႕ခြဲ ေဆာင္ရြက္မွဳကို ၀င္ေရာက္စြက္ဖက္တာမ်ိဳး မေတြ႕ရပါဘူး။

    ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္သံုး။    အရပ္ဘက္ ကြ်မ္းက်င္ပညာရွင္မ်ားရဲ႕ အရည္အခ်င္းကို ျမွင့္တင္ရမယ္ဆိုတာက ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္သံုး ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ တပ္မေတာ္ကို ဒီမိုကေရစီနည္းလမ္းတက် တန္ဖိုးရွိရွိ အသံုး၀င္ေစခ်င္တယ္ဆိုရင္ တပ္မေတာ္က လိုက္နာက်င့္သံုးရမယ့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာကို အရပ္ဘက္ ႏိုင္ငံေရး ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြက ခ်မွတ္ေပးရမယ္ဆိုတာ ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္တစ္မွာ ေျပာထားၿပီးျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အဲသည္လို တပ္မေတာ္ေလွ်ာက္ရမယ့္လမ္းကို သတ္မွတ္ျပဌာန္းေပးမယ့္ အရပ္ဘက္ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြက မိမိကိုယ္တုိင္လည္း အရည္အခ်င္းျပည့္၀ေနဖို႕လိုအပ္ၿပီး အနည္းဆံုးေတာ့ တပ္မေတာ္အေၾကာင္း အူမေခ်းခါးမက်န္ သိနားလည္တဲ့ ပညာရွင္ေတြရဲ႕ ကြ်မ္းက်င္မွဳ အကူအညီကိုလည္း မလြဲမေသြ ယူရမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အဲသည္ ကြ်မ္းက်င္ပညာရွင္ဆိုသူေတြကလည္း သာမန္ကာရွန္ကာ အေပၚယံသေဘာေလာက္ သိထား႐ံုနဲ႕ မလံုေလာက္ဘဲ မိမိတပ္မေတာ္ရဲ႕ ဖြဲ႕စည္းတည္ေဆာက္ပံုေတြ တပ္မေတာ္သားေတြရဲ႕ ရာထူးအဆင့္ေနရာ သတ္မွတ္ျခင္းဆိုင္ရာ စည္းမ်ဥ္းစည္းကမ္းေတြ တပ္မေတာ္သားေတြရဲ႕ အရည္အခ်င္း အရည္အေသြး သေဘာတရားနဲ႕ ခံယူခ်က္ေတြ စာရြက္ေပၚကစြမ္းေဆာင္ရည္တင္မဟုတ္ဘဲ ေျမျပင္ အမွန္တကယ္ စြမ္းေဆာင္ႏိုင္မွဳေတြ အားသာခ်က္ အားနည္းခ်က္ေတြ ရင္ဆုိင္ေနရတတ္တဲ့ အခက္အခဲနဲ႕ လုပ္ငန္းတာ၀န္အေပၚ ထားရွိတဲ့ အျမင္ေတြ သာမကပဲ ေန႕စဥ္စားသံုးတဲ့ ရိကၡာေတြက အမွန္တကယ္ သင့္ေလ်ာ္ေလာက္ငမွဳ ရွိမရွိ စစ္၀တ္တန္ဆာနဲ႕ လက္နက္ခဲယမ္းေတြနဲ႕ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး အဆင္ေျပေခ်ာေမြ႕မွဳရွိမရွိ စတာေတြအထိ အေသးစိတ္ သိရွိေနေအာင္ ေလ့လာထားဖို႕ လိုအပ္မွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ၾကက္ခ်ည္ႀကိဳးနဲ႕ ဆင္ကို ခ်ည္လို႕မရသလို ဆင္ခ်ည္ႀကိဳးနဲ႕လည္း  ၾကက္ကို ခ်ည္လို႕ မရဘူးဆိုတဲ့ စကားလိုပဲ အရပ္ဘက္ ႏုိင္ငံေရးေခါင္းေဆာင္ ဆုိသူေတြ ခ်မွတ္ေပးတဲ့ လမ္းစဥ္ဟာ တပ္မေတာ္ရဲ႕ လက္ရွိအေျခအေန သေဘာသဘာ၀ေတြနဲ႕ ကိုက္ညီဖို႕ လိုသလို၊ မျဖစ္မေန က်င့္သံုးလိုက္နာရမယ့္ မူ၀ါဒေတြ ခ်မွတ္မယ္ဆိုရင္လည္း အဲသည္မူ၀ါဒေတြနဲ႕ ကိုက္ညီေအာင္ တပ္မေတာ္ကို ပံုသြင္းေပးဖို႕ လုိအပ္မွာ ျဖစ္တဲ့အတြက္ တပ္မေတာ္ကို ထိန္းသိမ္းကိုင္တြယ္မယ့္ အရပ္ဘက္ ႏိုင္ငံေရး ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြကို ၀န္းရံထားတဲ့ က်ြမ္းက်င္ပညာရွင္မ်ားရဲ႕ အရည္အခ်င္းကိုလည္း  ထက္ထက္ျမက္ျမက္ျဖစ္ေအာင္ ျမွင့္တင္ထားဖို႕ လုိအပ္တာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံံမွာ တပ္မေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာ ပညာရွင္အဆင့္ ကြ်မ္းက်င္သူေတြ ဘယ္ေလာက္ရွိသလဲ ဆိုတာရယ္ သူတို႕ရဲ႕ က်ြမ္းက်င္မွုအဆင့္ ဘယ္ေလာက္အတိုင္းအတာထိ ရွိသလဲ ဆိုတာရယ္ကေတာ့ စာေရးသူကုိယ္တုိင္လည္း အေျဖသိခ်င္ေနတဲ့ ေမးခြန္းတစ္ခုျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ တကယ္လို႕ ေမးခြန္းရဲ႕ အေျဖက ဟင့္အင္းဆိုရင္ေတာ့ ျမန္မာျပည္ရဲ႕ ဒီမိုကေရစီကို ရွင္သန္ႀကီးထြားေအာင္ ေရေလာင္းေပါင္းသင္ ေျမေတာင္ေျမွာက္ၾကမယ့္ ယေန႕ႏိုင္ငံ့ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား သို႕မဟုတ္ ႏိုင္ငံေရးေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားနဲ႕ အဖြဲ႕အစည္းမ်ားက အဲသည္တာ၀န္ကို မေမ့မေလ်ာ့ ထမ္းေဆာင္ေပးၾကပါလို႕ ပန္ၾကားလိုပါတယ္။

    ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္ေလး။ ျပည္တြင္း လံုၿခံဳေရးဆိုင္ရာ စီမံခန္႕ခြဲရာမွာ တပ္မေတာ္ရဲ႕ အခန္းက႑ကို သတ္သတ္မွတ္မွတ္ ပိုင္းျခားထားပါဆိုတာကေတာ့ ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္ ေလး ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ႏိုင္ငံတကာ တပ္မေတာ္ေတြရဲ႕ မူလတာ၀န္ဟာ တိုင္းျပည္ကို ျပည္ပရန္က ကာကြယ္ေပးဖို႕ အဓိက ျဖစ္ၿပီး ျပည္တြင္းလံုၿခံဳေရးတာ၀န္နဲ႕ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး တပ္မေတာ္ကို တာ၀န္ေပးထမ္းေဆာင္ေစေလ့ မရွိပါဘူး။ အမိန္႕နာခံၿပီး အားေကာင္းေမာင္းသန္ ေယာက်္ားဘသားမ်ားသာ အလ်င္အျမန္ ၀င္ေရာက္ကူညီေပးမွ အဆင္ေျပမယ့္ ေရႀကီးတာ ငလ်င္လွဳပ္တာလို သဘာ၀ေဘး ကယ္ဆယ္ေရး လုပ္ငန္းေတြကလြဲၿပီး တပ္မေတာ္ကို ျပည္တြင္းလံုၿခံဳေရးတာ၀န္ေပးအပ္မယ္ဆိုရင္ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ အရပ္ဘက္ အာဏာပိုင္ရဲ႕ ကြပ္ကဲမွဳေအာက္မွာသာ တရားရံုးအမိန္႕နဲ႕ လုပ္ေဆာင္ရတဲ့ အရပ္ဘက္လံုၿခံဳေရးအကူအညီေပးျခင္း (aid to civil power) ဆိုတာမ်ိဳးကိုေတာင္ ေသခ်ာေလ့က်င့္ၿပီးမွ အရပ္ဘက္အာဏာပိုင္ရဲ႕ ညႊန္ၾကားခ်က္အတိုင္း အတိအက် ေဆာင္ရြက္ရတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီလိုအကူအညီမ်ိဳးဆိုတာကလည္း မလႊဲမေရွာင္သာမွသာ ယူသင့္တဲ့အရာျဖစ္ၿပီး ျပည္တြင္း လံုၿခံဳေရးကိစၥရပ္ေတြမွာ တပ္မေတာ္ရဲ႕အားကို အလြယ္တကူ ယူသံုးေနမယ္ဆိုရင္ တပ္မေတာ္ရဲ႕ စြမ္းေဆာင္ရည္ကိုလည္း ထိပါးေစႏိုင္တာမို႕လို႕ အခုလို ကန္႕သတ္ထားရျခင္း ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အစိုးရသစ္တက္လာၿပီး ေနာက္ပိုင္းျဖစ္ပြားတဲ့ ႐ုန္းရင္းဆန္ခတ္အခ်ိဳ႕မွာ တပ္မေတာ္ရဲ႕ အကူအညီကို အကန္႕အသတ္နဲ႕ သာ အသံုးခ်ခဲ့တာကို ေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။

    ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္ငါး။ တပ္မေတာ္ဆိုတာ ဒီမုိကေရစီကုိပဲ ၀န္းရံရမယ္ဆိုတာက ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္ငါးျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဆိုလိုတာက ပုဂၢိဳလ္အဖြဲ႕အစည္း တစ္ဦးတစ္ဖြဲ႕ကို သစၥာခံတာမ်ိဳး မဟုတ္ဘဲ ဒီမိုကေရစီအရ တက္လာတဲ့ အစိုးရရဲ႕ အာေဘာ္အတိုင္း အလုပ္လုပ္တာကို ဆိုလိုပါတယ္။ ႏိုင္ငံေရးမွာလည္း တပ္မေတာ္ဟာ ပါတီစြဲမထားဘဲ ဘယ္ႏိုင္ငံေရးပါတီ ဘယ္ႏိုင္ငံေရးေခါင္းေဆာင္ကိုမွ ၾသဇာခံတာမ်ိဳး ဘက္လိုက္တာမ်ိဳး မဟုတ္ဘဲ ႏိုင္ငံေရးနဲ႕ ပတ္သက္ရင္ တပ္မေတာ္က ကိုယ့္လမ္းေၾကာင္းကိုယ္ေလွ်ာက္ၿပီး ဒီမိုကေရစီကို ကူညီပံ့ပိုးတာကို ေျပာလိုျခင္း ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီလိုမွလည္း တပ္မေတာ္ဟာ ခိုင္မာတဲ့ သမာသမတ္ အဖြဲ႕အစည္းတစ္ခုအျဖစ္ ႏိုင္ငံေရး အေရာင္အေသြးကင္းကင္း ရပ္တည္ႏိုင္မွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

    ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္ေျခာက္။    ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္ငါးမွာ ပါတဲ့အတိုင္း တက္လာတဲ့ အစိုးရရဲ႕ အာေဘာ္အတိုင္း အလုပ္လုပ္တယ္ ဆိုေပမယ့္ ဥပေဒျပဳမ႑ိဳင္ကလည္း အနီးကပ္ ေလ့လာေစာင့္ၾကည့္ေနရမယ္ လို႕ ဆိုလုိပါတယ္။ တပ္မေတာ္ဟာ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးအစိုးရရဲ႕ အာေဘာ္အတိုင္း အလုပ္လုပ္ၿပီး အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးမ႑ိဳင္ တစ္ခုတည္းကို တာ၀န္ခံေန႐ံုနဲ႕ မၿပီးဘဲ လႊတ္ေတာ္ကလည္း တပ္မေတာ္ရဲ႕ တာ၀န္ထမ္းေဆာင္မွဳေတြနဲ႕ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး ေစာင့္ၾကပ္ၾကည့္ရွဳ ေလ့လာေနရမွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ လႊတ္ေတာ္ေတြမွာ ကာကြယ္ေရးနဲ႕လံုၿခံဳေရးဆိုင္ရာ အၿမဲတမ္းေကာ္မတီေတြ ဖြဲ႕စည္းထားေလ့ရွိၿပီး တပ္မေတာ္ရဲ႕ လုပ္ေဆာင္မွဳေတြကို ထိန္းမတ္ေပးဖို႕အတြက္ သာမက တပ္မေတာ္ရဲ႕ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ေတြကို ျဖည့္ဆည္းေပးဖို႕အတြက္ ပါ အၿမဲတမ္းေလ့လာေစာင့္ၾကည့္ေနၿပီး လိုအပ္ရင္ တပ္မေတာ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားကို ေခၚယူၾကားနာတာမ်ိဳးေတြလုပ္ၿပီး ထိန္းေက်ာင္းေပးတာေတြ လုပ္ေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ အေျခခံဥပေဒ ပုဒ္မ ၁၁၅(ခ) နဲ႕ ၁၄၇(ခ) တို႕မွာ " ကာကြယ္ေရးႏွင့္ လံုၿခံဳေရးဆိုင္ရာ ကိစၥမ်ားကိုလည္းေကာင္း တပ္မေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာ ကိစၥမ်ားကိုလည္းေကာင္း ေလ့လာတင္ျပေစရန္ အေၾကာင္းေပၚေပါက္ပါက ျပည္သူ႕လႊြတ္ေတာ္နဲ႕ အမ်ိဳးသားလႊတ္ေတာ္တို႕ဟာ ကာကြယ္ေရးနွင့္ လံုၿခံဳေရး ေကာ္မတီကို တပ္မေတာ္သား ကုိယ္စားလွယ္မ်ားျဖင့္ ကာလသတ္မွတ္၍ ဖြဲ႕စည္းရမည္။ တပ္မေတာ္သား မဟုတ္ေသာ ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ားကိုလည္း လိုအပ္ပါက ထည့္သြင္း ဖြဲ႕စည္းႏုိင္သည္ " လို႕ ျပဌာန္းထားတာ ေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။

    ဥပေဒသ အမွွတ္ခုနစ္။    တပ္မေတာ္ကလည္း အမိန္႕နာခံဖို႕ အသင့္ရွိေနရမွာ ျဖစ္ၿပီး အမိန္႕မနာခံသူကုိလည္း အစိုးရက အေရးယူဖို႕လိုတယ္လို႕ ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္ခုနစ္က ဆိုပါတယ္။ တပ္မေတာ္သားနဲ႕ ႏိုင္ငံေရးသမားဆိုတာ နဂိုကတည္းက မတူညီတဲ့ သေဘာသဘာ၀ ရွိတဲ့အတြက္ အယူအဆေတြလည္း ကြဲလြဲတတ္ပါတယ္။ ထင္ရွားတဲ့ ဥပမာ ျပရရင္ ကိုရီးယားကြ်န္းဆြယ္ စစ္ပြဲကာလအတြင္းက စစ္ေရးေအာင္ျမင္မွဳေတြ အမ်ားႀကီးရေနတဲ့ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီး မက္အာသာ နဲ႕ အေမရိကန္သမၼတ ထ႐ူးမင္းတို႕ဟာ တ႐ုတ္ျပည္ဘက္ထိ ဗံုးႀကဲမလား မႀကဲဘူးလား ဆိုတာနဲ႕ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး လူသိရွင္ၾကား သေဘာထား ကြဲလြဲခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္။ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီး မက္အာသာက လုပ္ခ်င္တာကို သမၼတက သေဘာမတူပါဘူး။ ေနာက္ဆံုး ၁၉၅၁ ဧၿပီလမွာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီး မက္အာသာကို သမၼတက ရာထူးကေနအနားေပးခဲ့ပါတယ္။ အေမရိကန္္လို ဒီမိုကေရစီ ႏို္င္ငံႀကီးမွာေတာင္ စစ္ဆင္ေရး သေဘာတရားနဲ႕ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး သမၼတနဲ႕ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးတို႕ သေဘာထားကြဲလြဲတာရွိၿပီး အမိန္႕မနာခံလို႕ အေရးယူေဆာင္ရြက္ခဲ့ရတာ ရွိပါတယ္။  ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံမွာေတာ့ လက္ရွိ အစိုးရနဲ႕ တပ္မေတာ္တို႕ဟာ သေဘာအယူအဆ ထပ္တူထပ္မွ် ရွိေနတယ္လို႕ အစိုးရေျပာေရးဆိုခြင့္ရွိသူတစ္ဦး မၾကာေသးမီက ေျပာၾကားခဲ့တာ ေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။

    ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္ရွစ္။    တပ္မေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာ သင့္ေလ်ာ္တဲ့အႀကံဥာဏ္မ်ားကို တပ္မေတာ္က အရပ္ဘက္ ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားကို ေပးရမယ္ဆိုတာက ဥပေဒသ အမွတ္ရွစ္ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ တပ္မေတာ္နဲ႕ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး ပေရာ္ဖက္ရွင္နယ္ျဖစ္တဲ့ တပ္မေတာ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြဟာ လိုအပ္တဲ့ ဥပမာ စစ္ေရးဆိုင္ရာ အႀကံဥာဏ္နဲ႕ မူ၀ါဒေရးရာ ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္မ်ိဳးေတြ တပ္မေတာ္ကို ျဖည့္ဆည္းေပးသင့္တဲ့ လိုအပ္ခ်က္ စတဲ့ အႀကံျပဳခ်က္ေတြကို အရပ္ဘက္ႏိုင္ငံေရးေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြကို ေပးရမယ္လို႕ ဆိုလိုပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္လည္း အစိုးရကို ဟိုဟာလုပ္သင့္တယ္ ဒီဟာလုပ္သင့္တယ္ စတဲ့ ေ၀ဖန္အႀကံေပးမွဳမ်ိဳးကို လူသိရွင္ၾကား မလုပ္မိဖို႕ေတာ့ တပ္မေတာ္အေနနဲ႕ သတိျပဳ ေရွာင္က်ဥ္ရမယ္လို႕ ဆိုပါတယ္။

    အခုတင္ျပခဲ့တာေတြကေတာ့ ဒီမိုကေရစီ အကူးအေျပာင္းကို ညင္ညင္သာသာ ေခ်ာေခ်ာေမြ႕ေမြ႕ ကူးေျပာင္းတဲ့ေနရာမွာ အေရးႀကီးတဲ့ စစ္ဘက္-အရပ္ဘက္ ဆက္ဆံေရးဆိုင္ရာ ဥပေဒသ ရွစ္ခ်က္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီသင္ခန္းစာကို ပို႕ခ်ခဲ့တဲ့ Proffessor Nigel Gould-Davies ဟာ ေအာက္စ္ဖို႕တကၠသိုလ္မွာ ကထိက၊ ဂြ်န္ေဟာ့ကင္း တကၠသိုလ္မွာ ပါေမာကၡနဲ႕ အျခားတာ၀န္မ်ား ထမ္းေဆာင္ခဲ့တဲ့ အဂၤလန္ႏိုင္ငံံက အဆင့္ျမင့္သံတမန္တစ္ဦး ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ International Center of Excellence at Yangon University မွာ ၂၀၁၄ ေမလ ၅ ရက္ကေန ဇြန္လ ၁၁ ရက္အထိ Comparative Transitions to Democracy ဘာသာရပ္ကို ေဆြးေႏြးပို႕ခ်ခဲ့ပါတယ္။

( The Voice Daily သတင္းစာတြင္ ၂၀၁၄ ေအာက္တိုဘာလ ၃၁ ရက္ေန႕တြင္ ေဖာ္ျပခဲ့သည္)
http://www.thevoicemyanmar.com/index.php/perspective/item/3754-ayb

အခြင့္အေရးနဲ႕ တာ၀န္

    ဒီေန႕ စာသင္ခန္းထဲမွာ ဒီမိုကေရစီနဲ႔ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး စိတ္ထဲမွာ ရွိတဲ့ စကားလံုးနည္းနည္းကို စာရြက္ေပၚ ခ်ေရးပါလို႕ ဆရာက ေျပာေတာ့ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႕ေတြ စိတ္ကူးမိတာေလးေတြ ခ်ေရးၾကပါတယ္။အမ်ားဆံုးကေတာ့ အခြင့္အေရး ဆိုတဲ့ စကားလံုးျဖစ္ေနတာကို သြားေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။
ဒီမိုကေရစီမွာ ျပည္သူေတြ ခံစားပိုင္ခြင့္ရွိတဲ့ အခြင့္အေရးဆိုတာ ထမ္းေဆာင္ရမယ့္ တာ၀န္နဲ႕လည္း ဒြန္တြဲေနတယ္ဆိုတာကို ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႕ ေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ား ေမ့ေလ်ာ့ေနၾကတာ မ်ားပါတယ္။ ျပည္သူလူထုကို နားမ်က္စိ ဖြင့္ေပးဖို႕ တာ၀န္ရွိတဲ့ ၊ စတုတၳမ႑ိဳင္ပါလို႕ ကိုယ့္ကိုယ္ကို ကင္ပြန္းတပ္ထားတဲ့ မီဒီယာေတြကလည္း ဒီတာ၀န္ကို ေတာ္ေတာ္ႀကီးကို ပ်က္ကြက္ ေနၾကပါတယ္။
    တရားဥပေဒ စိုးမိုးေရးမွာလည္း အလားတူပါပဲ။ အစိုးရရဲ႕ ပ်က္ကြက္မွဳေတြကိုသာ အသားေပးေဖာ္ျပၾကၿပီး ျပည္သူေတြရဲ႕ ပ်က္ကြက္မွဳကို လ်စ္လ်ဴရွဳထားၿပီးေတာ့ ျပည္သူလူထုကို ဒီမိုကေရစီ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ႀကီးသား ပီသေအာင္ အားေပးတိုက္တြန္း ရမယ့္အစား ဥပေဒကို လြယ္လြယ္ကူကူ ခ်ိဳးေဖာက္ေလ့ရွိတဲ့ စည္းပ်က္ကမ္းပ်က္ ႏုိင္ငံသားေတြ ျဖစ္လာေအာင္ ေျမွာက္ပင့္ေပးေနသလိုမ်ိဳးေတြကို အေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားႀကီးကို မျမင္ခ်င္တဆံုး ေတြ႕ေနျမင္ေနရတာကေတာ့ ေတာ္ေတာ္ကို စိတ္မသက္သာစရာ၊ အနာဂတ္ ဒီမိုကေရစီ လမ္းေၾကာင္းအတြက္ ရင္ေလးစရာ ေကာင္းလွပါတယ္။
    တရားဥပေဒကို လိုက္နာတဲ့ ႏိုင္ငံႀကီးသားစိတ္ဓာတ္အေၾကာင္းကို ေျပာရရင္ တစ္ခါကဖတ္ဖူးတဲ့ ပေလတိုးနိဒါန္း စာအုပ္ထဲက ေဆာ့ခရတၱိ ေထာင္ထဲက အျဖစ္အပ်က္ေလးေတြကို ျပန္ျပန္ သတိရမိပါတယ္။ ေဆာ့ခရတၱိဆိုတာ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႕ငယ္ငယ္က သမိုင္းထဲမွာ သင္ဖူးတဲ့ ဆိုကေရးတီးပါ။ (ခုေခတ္ သမိုင္းစာအုပ္ေတြထဲ ပါမပါ မသိေတာ့ပါ)။ သူက လြတ္လပ္တဲ့ စိတ္ရွိတဲ့ အေတြးအေခၚ ပညာရွင္ပီပီ သူေတြးေခၚႀကံဆထားတာေတြကို လူငယ္ေတြကို ေဟာေျပာပါတယ္။ သူ႕ေဟာေျပာ ေဆြးေႏြးခ်က္ေတြက အဲသည္ေခတ္က အာဏာပိုင္ေတြရဲ႕ ယံုၾကည္ခ်က္ေတြနဲ႕ ျပဒါးတစ္လမ္း သံတစ္လမ္း ျဖစ္ေနေလေတာ့ ထံုးစံအတိုင္း အဖမ္းခံရပါေတာ့တယ္။ ေခတ္စကားနဲ႕ ေျပာရရင္ ယံုၾကည္ခ်က္အက်ဥ္းသားတုိ႕ ႏိုင္ငံေရး အက်ဥ္းသားတို႕ဆိုတာမ်ိဳးပါပဲ။ သူ႕ရဲ႕ ေဟာေျပာခ်က္ေတြက မွားပါတယ္လို႕ လူသိရွင္ၾကား ၀န္ခံရင္ သူလြတ္မယ္၊ ၀န္မခံဘူးဆိုရင္ အဆိပ္ေသာက္ ေသရမယ္လို႕ အာဏာပိုင္ေတြကေျပာေတာ့ သူက ေသမယ့္လမ္းကိုပဲ ေရြးလိုက္ပါတယ္။
    တစ္ခုေကာင္းတာက ေသမယ့္အခ်ိိန္အထိကို မိသားစု ေဆြမ်ိဳး မိတ္ေဆြေတြ ေထာင္ထဲ၀င္ေတြ႕ခြင့္ ရပါတယ္။ အဲသည္မွာ သူ႕ရဲ႕ မိတ္ေဆြ တစ္ေယာက္က သူ႕ကို ထြက္ေျပးဖို႕ တိုက္တြန္းပါတယ္။ တကယ္လို႕ သူသာ ထြက္ေျပးခဲ့့မယ္ဆိုရင္လည္း မိတ္ေဆြေတြ အကူအညီနဲ႕ လြတ္ႏိုင္စရာရွိတယ္ဆိုတာ သူသိပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ သူ႕ကို ထြက္ေျပးဖို႕ ကူညီမယ္လို႕ တိုက္တြန္းတဲ့ မိတ္ေဆြကို သူျပန္ေျပာခဲ့တဲ့ စကားေတြက သိပ္ကို မွတ္သားစရာ ေကာင္းလွပါတယ္။ အတိအက် မဟုတ္ေပမယ့္ မွတ္မိသမွ်ေလး ျပန္ေျပာျပပါ့မယ္။
    မိတ္ေဆြက ကြ်န္ေတာ့္ကို အသက္ခ်မ္းသာရာရေစခ်င္လို႕ လြတ္ေျမာက္ေစခ်င္လို႕ အခုလို အႀကံေပးတာဟာ ကြ်န္ေတာ့္အေပၚမွာ ခ်စ္ခင္လွတယ္ဆိုတာ သိရတဲ့အတြက္ ၀မ္းသာပါတယ္တဲ့။ ဒါေပမယ့္ ကြ်န္ေတာ္ဟာ ႏိုင္ငံသားေကာင္းျဖစ္ဖို႕ ဥပေဒေတြကို လိုက္နာဖို႕ လူငယ္ေတြကို ေဟာေျပာေဆြးေႏြးေနတဲ့ သူျဖစ္ပါတယ္တဲ့။ ႏိုင္ငံသားေကာင္းျဖစ္ဖို႕ လုိက္နာရမယ့္ က်င့္၀တ္စည္းကမ္းေတြကို ေလးစားရမယ္လို႕ သူ အစဥ္တစိုက္ ေဟာေျပာခဲ့တာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္တဲ့။ သူကိုယ္တိုင္ကလည္း ႏုိင္ငံႀကီးသား အမူအက်င့္ေတြကို ယံုၾကည္လုိ႕ အခုလို ေဟာေျပာခဲ့တာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္တဲ့။ အခု သူ႕ကုိ ဖမ္းဆီးခ်ဳပ္ေႏွာင္ထားတဲ့ ဥပေဒဟာလည္း မတရားတဲ့ ဥပေဒဆိုတာ ယံုၾကည္ပါတယ္တဲ့။ သို႕ေသာ္လည္း ဥပေဒတစ္ခုဟာ မတရားဘူးလို႕ ယံုၾကည္ယံုမွ်နဲ႕ အဲသည္ဥပေဒကို ခ်ိိဳးေဖာက္မယ္ဆိုရင္ သူေဟာေျပာခဲ့တဲ့ သေဘာတရားေတြကို သူကိုယ္တိုင္ ခ်ိဳးေဖာက္ရာ က်ပါလိမ့္မယ္တဲ့။ ဥပေဒတစ္ခုကို မႀကိဳက္ရင္ အဲသည္ဥပေဒကို ျပင္ဖို႕ ႀကိဳးစားရမွာသာ ျဖစ္ၿပီး ဥပေဒအာဏာတည္ေနတုန္းမွာ ေတာ့ ႀကိဳက္သည္ျဖစ္ေစ မႀကိဳက္သည္ျဖစ္ေစ လုိက္နာရမွာ ႏိုင္ငံႀကီးသားေတြရဲ႕ တာ၀န္သာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္တဲ့။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ ဒီဥပေဒကို သူမႀကိဳက္ေသာ္လည္း ဒီဥပေဒရဲ႕ အစီအမံကို သူေက်ေက်နပ္နပ္ နာခံပါ့မယ္ ဆိုၿပီး သူ႕မိတ္ေဆြကို ျပန္ရွင္းျပပါတယ္။ ဒီလိုနဲ႔ပဲ ေဆာ့ခရတၱိဟာ အဆိပ္ေသာက္ၿပီး ေသသြားရပါတယ္။
    ေျပာခ်င္တာက ဒီမိုကေရစီကို တကယ္ ယံုၾကည္တယ္ဆုိရင္ တစ္ျခမ္းပဲ မယံုၾကည္ပါနဲ႕။ အျပည့္ ယံံုၾကည္ပါ။ အခြင့္အေရးဆိုတာ ဒီမိုကေရစီရဲ႕ အႏွစ္သာရ တစ္၀က္သာျဖစ္ၿပီး က်န္တဲ့တစ္၀က္က တာ၀န္သိမွဳ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ၿပီး တာ၀န္သိမွဳ တာ၀န္ယူမွဳ တာ၀န္ခံမွဳ ဆိုတာေတြက အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္သူ အစိုးရ နဲ႕သာ သက္ဆိုင္တာ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ အစိုးရေရာ ျပည္သူေရာ ႏိုင္ငံံသားအားလံုးနဲ႕ သက္ဆိုင္ပါတယ္ ဆိုတာကို လွည္းေနေလွေအာင္း ျမင္းေဇာင္းမက်န္ အစဥ္အၿမဲ သတိရေနေစဖို႕ အေရးႀကီးတဲ့အေၾကာင္း မိဘျပည္သူအေပါင္းကို ေၾကျငာေမာင္း ခတ္လိုက္ရပါတယ္။

Post by နည္းစနစ္က်က်အေတြးအေခၚ.

ရာသီဖြားမ်ားနဲ႔ သူငယ္ခ်င္းစိတ္ဓာတ္

Aries (မိႆရာသီဖြား)
*************************

လူတိုင္းနဲ႔ ခင္တတ္တယ္။ သူငယ္ခ်င္းေတြကို သူ႔ေၾကာင့္ဒုကၡေတြေပးမိမွာကို အရမ္းစိုးရိမ္တတ္တယ္။
သူ႔အေပၚမေကာင္းတဲ့
သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ိဳးဆိုရင္ေတာ့ စကားမေျပာဘဲေမ့ထားတတ္တယ္။
သေဘာေကာင္းျပီး အားေပးတတ္တဲ့
သူငယ္ခ်င္းေကာင္း
စိတ္ဓာတ္ရိွတယ္။

Taurus (ၿပိႆရာသီဖြား)
****************************

သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားနဲ႔ ပြင့္ပြင့္လင္းလင္းပဲ ေပါင္းသင္းတတ္တယ္။
မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္ သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားအေပၚတြင္ ကူညီတတ္ျပီး
အျမင္မေတာ္တာရိွရင္လည္း ေစတနာနဲ႔၀င္ေျပာတတ္တယ္။
အေပါင္းအသင္းခင္ျပီး စိတ္ျမန္ကုိယ္ျမန္ရိွတဲ့ သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ိဳးျဖစ္တယ္။

Gemini (ေမထုန္ရာသီဖြား)
******************************
မိတ္ေဆြေတြနဲ႔ အတူအခ်ိန္ျဖဳန္းရတာ သေဘာက်တယ္။
သူ႔နဲ႔အတူ ခဏခဏ အခ်ိန္ျဖဳန္းေပးတဲဲ့သူငယ္ခ်င္းကို အရမ္းခင္တြယ္တယ္။
အၾကံညဏ္ေပးရာတြင္လည္း
ေတာ္ျပီး သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားကို လမ္းျပေပးႏိုင္တဲ့အစြမ္းရိွတယ္။
တန္ဖိုးရိွတဲ့သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ိဳးျဖစ္တယ္။

Cancer (ကရကဋ္ရာသီဖြား)
********************************
အေပါင္းအသင္းအခင္တတ္ဆံုး
ျဖစ္တယ္။ သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားကို အရမ္းအေလးအနက္ထားျပီး ဂရုစိုက္တတ္တယ္။
တစ္ခုခုျဖစ္ရင္လည္း သူငယ္ခ်င္းဆီကိုပဲ ရင္ဖြင့္ခ်င္သူျဖစ္တယ္။ သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားရဲ႕ျပႆနာေတြ
ကိုလည္း အခ်ိန္ေပးျပီး
နားေထာင္ေပးတဲ့ အေပးသမား
သူငယ္ခ်င္းတစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္တယ္။

Leo (သိဟ္ရာသီဖြား)
*************************
အျပင္မွာ ခပ္တည္တည္ေနပင္မယ့္ သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားႏွင့္ေတြ႔ရင္ေတာ့ လြတ္လြတ္လပ္လပ္ ခပ္ေပ်ာ္ေပ်ာ္ေနတတ္တယ္။
သူတတ္ႏိုင္တာရိွရင္ အလြယ္တကူအကူအညီေပးျပီး သူလိုတာရိွရင္လည္း အားနာပါးနာနဲ႔ ေတာင္းတတ္တယ္။
သစၥာရိွျပီး ယံုၾကည္စိတ္ခ်ရတဲ့
သူငယ္ခ်င္းျဖစ္တယ္။

Virgo (ကန္ရာသီဖြား)
*************************
သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားကို သူတတ္ႏိုင္သေလာက္ အျမဲနားလည္မႈေပးတယ္။ ေပ်ာ္ေပ်ာ္ေနျပီး မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္ တကိုယ္တည္းရပ္တည္ဖို႔
ၾကိဳးစားတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ သူ႔အတြင္းစိတ္ထဲမွာေတာ့ သူငယ္ခ်င္းေကာင္းတစ္ေယာက္ကို အျမဲလိုအပ္ေနတယ္။ အဓိပၸာယ္ရိွတာေတြေဆြးေႏြးျပီး
အတူအခ်ိန္ျဖဳန္းလို႔ အရမ္းေကာင္းတဲ့သူငယ္ခ်င္း
တစ္ဦးျဖစ္တယ္။

Libra (တူရာသီဖြား)
**********************
ေဖာ္ေရႊျပီး တည္ျငိမ္တဲ့
သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ိဳးျဖစ္တယ္။ တခါတေလ အေျပာအဆိုမတတ္သျဖင့္ အသိမ်ားအၾကားအထင္လဲြျခင္းကိုခံရတတ္တယ္။
သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားႏွင့္တိုင္ပင္ေဆြးေႏြး
ျပီးလုပ္ရတာကိုလည္း သေဘာက်သူျဖစ္တယ္။ တခုခုဆို ပူးေပါင္းလုပ္ကိုင္လို႔အဆင္ေျပျပီး
လုပ္ေဖာ္ကိုင္ဖက္ေကာင္း
တစ္ေယာက္လိုခင္လို႔ရေသာ
သူငယ္ခ်င္းေကာင္း
တစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္တယ္။

Scorpio (ၿဗိစာၦရာသီဖြား)
*****************************
သူငယ္ခ်င္းေပါပင္မယ့္ တကယ္ခင္တဲ့သူရွားတယ္။ တစ္ေယာက္ေယာက္ႏွင့္ပိုခင္ေလ ထိုသူကို ပိုဂရုစိုက္လာေလျဖစ္တယ္။
သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားအေပၚတြင္ သံေယာဇဥ္ၾကီးတယ္။ အစပိုင္းမွာ သူ႔အေၾကာင္းေတြကို ဖံုးကြယ္ထားပင္မယ့္ တကယ္ရင္းႏွီးျပီဆိုလွ်င္
လ်ိဳ႕၀ွက္ခ်က္ေတြအကုန္ဖြင့္ေျပာျပီး ထာ၀ရခင္မင္သြားတတ္တဲ့
သူငယ္ခ်င္းေကာင္းျဖစ္တယ္။

Saggitarius (ဓႏုရာသီဖြား)
********************************
သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားကို တန္ဖိုးအထားတတ္ဆံုးသူျဖစ္တယ္။သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားဘက္မွ အျမဲရပ္တည္ျပီး သူ႔သူငယ္ခ်င္းေတြကို လာထိလွ်င္လံုး၀
သည္းမခံသူျဖစ္တယ္။
ခင္မင္လွ်င္ အစြမ္းကုန္ေပးဆပ္ျပီး သစၥာေဖာက္ေသာသူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားကိုေတာ့ ရန္လိုတတ္တယ္။ သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားႏွင့္ အျမဲေပ်ာ္ေပ်ာ္ပါးပါးေနခ်င္ျပီး
သူငယ္ခ်င္းအပီသဆံုးသူ
တစ္ဦးျဖစ္တယ္။

Capricorn (မကာရရာသီဖြား)
*********************************
ပံုမွန္ေအးေဆးစြာ ခင္မင္တတ္ေသာအက်င့္ရိွတယ္။ သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားႏွင့္စေနာက္ျပီး အတူအခ်ိန္ျဖဳန္းရတာကို ၾကိဳက္ႏွစ္သက္သူျဖစ္တယ္။
သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားက သူ႔အေပၚထင္ျမင္ခ်က္မ်ားကိုလည္း အရမ္းအေလးထားသူျဖစ္တယ္။ သာမန္အခ်ိန္မ်ားတြင္ သူ႔သူငယ္ခ်င္းစိတ္ဓာတ္မွာ
သိပ္မသိသာပင္မယ့္ အေရးၾကံဳလာလွ်င္ အစြမ္းကုန္ကူညီေပးတတ္ေသာ သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ိဳးျဖစ္တယ္။

Aquarius (ကုမ္ရာသီဖြား)
*****************************
အတိုင္ပင္ခံအၾကံေပးႏွင့္တူေသာ သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ိဳးျဖစ္တယ္။ သူ႔သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားရဲ႕ ျပသနာတိုင္းကို ရႈေထာင့္
အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးမွ ၾကည့္ျပီး အၾကံညဏ္ေတြေပးဖို႔ အျမဲအသင့္ရိွေနတတ္တယ္။
မဆီမဆိုင္တာေတြေလွ်ာက္ေျပာျပီး သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားကိုလည္းရယ္ေအာင္လုပ္တတ္တယ္။ ေႏြးေထြးစြာဆက္ဆံျပီး ခင္မင္မႈေကာ၊ လမ္းညႊန္မႈပါေပးႏိုင္တဲ့ သူငယ္ခ်င္းေလးျဖစ္တယ္။

Pisces (မိန္ရာသီဖြား)
************************
နားလည္ေပးႏိုင္စြမ္းအျမင့္ဆံုးရိွေသာ သူငယ္ခ်င္းတစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္တယ္။ ပါးစပ္ကအျမဲထုတ္ေဖာ္ မေျပာပင္မယ့္ သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားကို မၾကာခဏသတိရတတ္တယ္။
၀ါသနာတူသူငယ္ခ်င္းေတြ႔ျပီဆိုလွ်င္ တသက္လံုးခင္မင္သြားတတ္ သူလည္းျဖစ္တယ္။ အေနေအးေသာေၾကာင့္ တခါတရံ စိမ္းသြားသေယာင္ရိွပင္မယ့္ သူ႔စိတ္ထဲမွာေတာ့ သူငယ္ခ်င္းမ်ားကို အျမဲ အရင္လိုခင္မင္လွ်က္ရိွေသာ သူတစ္ဦးျဖစ္တယ္။
+++++++++++++++++++
(အားလံုးပဲ သူငယ္ခ်င္းေကာင္း
တစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ၾကပါေစ။)
BY ADMIN GENO
‪#‎ေဗဒင္မွတ္စု‬

Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies

The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) is a division of Johns Hopkins University based in Washington, D.C., United States, with campuses in Bologna, Italy and Nanjing, China. It is generally considered the top graduate school for international relations in the world. The institution is devoted to the study of international affairs, economics, diplomacy, and policy research and education.

The school is regarded as a major center of political debate as it served as a base for a number of prominent political scientists and economists. Among them are political economy scholar Francis Fukuyama; former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and military historian and former Counselor of the U.S. Department of State Eliot Cohen. Its students are selected from a large pool of applicants from all parts of the world.

The SAIS main campus is located on Massachusetts Avenue's Embassy Row, just off Dupont Circle and across from the Brookings Institution and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and next to the Center for Global Development and the Peterson Institute.

History
SAIS was founded in 1943 by Paul H. Nitze and Christian Herter and became part of The Johns Hopkins University in 1950. The school was established during World War II by a group of statesmen who sought new methods of preparing men and women to cope with the international responsibilities that would be thrust upon the United States in the postwar world.

The founders assembled a faculty of scholars and professionals (often borrowed from other universities) to teach international relations, international economics, and foreign languages to a small group of students. The curriculum was designed to be both scholarly and practical. The natural choice for the location of the school was Washington, D.C., a city where international resources are abundant and where American foreign policy is shaped and set in motion. When the school opened in 1944, 15 students were enrolled.

In 1955, the school created the Bologna Center in Italy, the first full-time graduate school located in Europe under an American higher-education system. By 1963, SAIS outgrew its first quarters on Florida Avenue and moved to one of its present buildings on Massachusetts Avenue. In 1986, the Hopkins-Nanjing Center was created in Nanjing, China, completing the school's global presence.

Organization and Academic Programs
SAIS is a global school with campuses in three continents. It has nearly 600 full-time students in Washington, D.C., 190 full-time students in Bologna, Italy and about 160 full-time students in Nanjing, China. Of these, 60% come from the United States and 37% from more than 70 other countries. Around 50% are women and 22% are from U.S. minority groups. The SAIS Bologna Center is the only full-time international relations graduate program in Europe that operates under an American higher-education system, and the Hopkins-Nanjing Center, which teaches courses in both Chinese and English, is jointly administered by SAIS and Nanjing University.

SAIS offers multi-disciplinary instruction leading to the degrees of Master of Arts, Master of International Public Policy (MIPP, a mid-career full-time degree), and Doctor of Philosophy. Approximately 300 students graduate from SAIS Washington, D.C. campus each year from the 2-year Master of Arts program in International Relations and International Economics. Unlike most other international affairs graduate schools that offer professional Master degrees, SAIS requires its Master of Arts candidates to fulfill the International Economics program along with their chosen functional or regional concentration; to complete a foreign language proficiency examination; and in lieu of a customary Master thesis, to pass a 1-hour capstone oral examination synthesizing and integrating knowledge from the student's regional or functional concentration and International Economics. The Oral Examination and International Economics requirements of the SAIS Master of Arts curriculum have been the signature aspects of the school's education.

Courses are taught in 20 programs, including International Economics, International Relations (IR/Conflict Management, IR/Energy, Resources and Environment, IR/Global Theory & History, IR/International Law and Organizations, IR/Strategic Studies), International Development, African Studies, American Foreign Policy, Asian Studies (Asia/China Studies, Asia/Japan Studies, Asia/Korea Studies, Asia/Southeast Asia Studies, Asia/South Asia Studies), European Studies, Middle East Studies, Russia & Eurasia Studies, Western Hemisphere Studies (Western Hemisphere/Canada Studies, Western Hemisphere/Latin America Studies), and 15 foreign languages.

SAIS also maintains formal joint-degree programs with the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania, the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College, INSEAD, the Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins University, Columbia Law School, Stanford Law School, University of Virginia School of Law, Nanjing University, and the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University.

Reputation
A study conducted by the Institute for the Theory and Practice of International Relations[1] at the College of William & Mary examined graduate international relations programs throughout the United States, interviewing over 1,000 professionals in the field, with the results subsequently published in the November/December 2005 issue of Foreign Policy magazine. One of study's questions asked: "What do you consider the top five terminal masters programs in international relations for students looking to pursue a policy career?" From the study, 65% of respondents named Johns Hopkins University-SAIS as being the top-ranked program. SAIS received the most votes, followed by Georgetown University (Walsh), Harvard University (Kennedy), Tufts University (Fletcher), and Columbia University (SIPA). In 2007, Foreign Policy magazine produced the same study, and while SAIS remained one of the top-ranked programs, it moved to second position as Georgetown (Walsh) received the most votes.

Since 1990, SAIS and the Fletcher School have been the only non-law schools in the United States to participate in the prestigious Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition. Competing against full-time law students, SAIS generalists have performed very well. SAIS has twice placed second overall out of 12 schools and advanced to the "final four" in its region. In head-to-head competitions, SAIS has defeated law schools such as Georgetown University, the University of Virginia, and the University of Maryland.

SAIS students have also demonstrated their versatility by successfully competing in the Sustainable Innovation Summit Challenge hosted by the Thunderbird School of Global Management in Glendale, Arizona. Two different SAIS teams won first place in both 2007 and 2008, besting teams of MBA students from some of the world's top business schools.

A joint team from SAIS and the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Business received second place in the first "Global Challenge" competition, a first-of-its-kind competition that challenged teams of MBA and other graduate students to develop a public-private venture to support development and the tourism industry in Asia. The competition was organized in 2010 by the University of Maryland’s Robert H. Smith School of Business and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

Annual Theme
Since 2005, SAIS has dedicated a substantive theme for each academic year in order to encourage its students, faculty, academic programs, policy centers, and alumni to examine the role of the particular theme within international affairs. These specific themes provide opportunities for the school to review scholarship and exchange views through special lectures, conferences, and guest speakers. The annual themes also allow SAIS to enhance its fundraising with high-profile public events such as the lecture delivered by then Vice President of BP, Nick Butler, during "The Year of Energy at SAIS" in 2005.

2005/2006 - Year of Energy
2006/2007 - Year of China
2007/2008 - Year of Elections and Foreign Policy
2008/2009 - Year of Water
2009/2010 - Year of Religion
2010/2011 - Year of Demography
2011/2012 - Year of Agriculture

Research Centers
JHU Foreign Policy Institute
Bologna Institute for Policy Research (Italy)
Center for Canadian Studies
Central Asia-Caucasus Institute
Silk Road Studies Program
Center For Constitutional Studies And Democratic Development (Italy)
Center for Displacement Studies
Center for International Business and Public Policy
Center for Strategic Education
Center for Transatlantic Relations
Center on Politics and Foreign Relations
Cultural Conversations
Hopkins-Nanjing Research Center (China)
Grassroots China Initiative
Institute for International Research (China)
International Energy, Resources and Environment Program (ERE)
International Reporting Project
Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies
The Protection Project
Edwin O. Reischauer Center for East Asian Studies
Bernard L. Schwartz Forum on Constructive Capitalism
SME Institute
Swiss Foundation for World Affairs
U.S.-Korea Institute at SAIS
Global Energy and Environment Initiative
Global Health and Foreign Policy Initiative

Publications
In addition to the different books and periodicals edited by SAIS programs or research centers, several school-wide publications are to be mentioned:

38 North is a popular blog maintained by the U.S.-Korea Institute about North Korean affairs.
SAIS Review, founded in 1956, journal dedicated to advancing the debate on leading contemporary issues of world affairs.
SAIS Observer is a student-written, student-run newspaper.Founded in 2002, it is the official student newspaper of the global SAIS community.
SAISphere, published annually, features articles about current issues in international affairs, alumni class notes, as well as happenings at the school's campuses.
SAIS Reports, a newsletter published bimonthly from September through May, highlights new faculty, research institutes, academic programs, student and alumni accomplishments as well as major events at the school.
Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs, published annually and founded in 1994, is a student-run journal focused on scholarly contributions to international relations.
Centerpiece, Nanjing Center's alumni newsletter.
Guide To Experts in International Affairs, published every two years.
Working Paper Series, managed by the PhD students.

Notable Alumini
SAIS has over 15,000 alumni working in approximately 140 countries. Over 130 SAIS graduates have become Ambassadors throughout the world.

Madeleine Albright - Former U.S. Secretary of State (attended SAIS, but did not earn degree)
Mahamat Ali Adoum - Former Foreign Affairs minister, Chad's Ambassador to the United Nations
Peter F. Allgeier - former Deputy U.S. Trade Representative and former acting U.S. Trade Representative
Cresencio S. Arcos - Former U.S. Ambassador to Honduras, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement, and former Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security for International Affairs
Nancy Birdsall - Founding President of the Center for Global Development in Washington, D.C.
Robert O. Blake, Jr. - Former U.S. Ambassador to Sri Lanka and the Maldives and nominated to be U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for South Asian Affairs Department of State
Wolf Blitzer - CNN news anchor
Adam Boulton - Sky News political editor
Jeremy Bowen - BBC journalist and presenter
Gayleatha B. Brown - Former U.S. Ambassador to Benin and current Ambassador designee to Burkina Faso
R. Nicholas Burns - Former U.S. Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, former U.S. Ambassador to NATO and Greece
Rocco Antonio Cangelosi - Italian Diplomat, Diplomatic Advisor to the President of the Italian Republic
James Cason - Former U.S. Ambassador to Paraguay
Herman Jay Cohen - U.S. diplomat, former Ambassador to various countries in Africa
Jean-Maurice Dehousse - Former Belgian Minister-President of the Wallonia region, Former Mayor of Liege
John Caspar Dreier - Former U.S. Ambassador to the Organization of American States
Hermann Eilts - Former U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia and Egypt, worked with Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat throughout the Camp David Accords
Jessica Einhorn -former Dean of SAIS, member of the Board of Directors of Time Warner, former Director of the Council on Foreign Relations, and a former Managing Director of the World Bank
Ángeles Espinosa - Senior Middle-East Correspondent of El País
Peter A. Flaherty - Director Emeritus of McKinsey & Company
Robert Stephen Ford - Former U.S. Ambassador to Algeria
Pamela P. Flaherty - President and CEO of Citigroup Foundation and Chair of the Johns Hopkins University Board of Trustees
Alan H. Fleischmann - Co-Founder of ImagineNations Group and Senior Counselor and director of Albright Stonebridge Group
Jeffrey Garten - Former U.S. Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade, and former Dean of the Yale School of Management
Timothy F. Geithner - U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, former President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York
Gabriel Guerra-Mondragón - Former U.S. Ambassador to Chile
April Glaspie - American diplomat, first woman to be appointed U.S. Ambassador to an Arab country, best known as the U.S. Ambassador to Iraq in the run-up to the 1991 Gulf War
Geir H. Haarde - Former Prime Minister of Iceland
John J. Hamre - President and CEO of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), former U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense
Lawrence Hatheway - Chief Economist of UBS Investment Bank
John E. Herbst - Former U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine and Uzbekistan, current Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization as a career member of the Senior Foreign Service[17]
James Howard Holmes - Former U.S. Ambassador to Latvia
Devinda Subasinghe - Former Sri Lankan Ambassador to the United States
Hans Hoogervorst - Netherlands former Minister of Public Health, former Minister of Finance
Tracey Ann Jacobson - Former U.S. Ambassador to Turkmenistan and Tajikistan
Angela Kane - U.N. Undersecretary General for Management
Malcolm Kerr - American University of Beirut President and Academic, assassinated
Bert Koenders - Dutch Minister of Development Cooperation, Member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Ellen Laipson - President of the Stimson Center
Frank Lavin - U.S. Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade, former U.S. Ambassador to Singapore
Jim Leach - Chairman of National Endowment for the Humanities, former U.S. Representative from Iowa, former Chair of U.S. House of Representatives Banking & Financial Institutions Committee, former faculty and trustee at Princeton University
Lee Tae-sik - Former Republic of Korea's Ambassador to the United States
Samuel W. Lewis - Former U.S. Ambassador to Israel and U.S. Ambassador at the Camp David Accord talks in 1978
Baodong Li - Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations
Dennis P. Lockhart - President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta
Peter Magowan - Former owner of the San Francisco Giants and former CEO of Safeway (attended SAIS, but did not earn degree)
Sir David Manning - British Ambassador to Israel (1995–1998), Foreign Policy Adviser to former British Prime Minister Tony Blair (2001–2003), British Ambassador to the United States (2003–2007)
Maurizio Massari - Italian Diplomat, former Head of the Policy Analysis and Planning Unit of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
John E. McLaughlin - Former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Christopher Meyer - British Ambassador to the United States during the Second Gulf War
Marcia Miller - Former Vice-Chair and Commissioner of the U.S. International Trade Commission
Federico Minoli - Former CEO of Ducati Motor Holding
Ana Belen Montes - Spy for Cuba working at the Defense Intelligence Agency and arrested in 2001
Loretta Napoleoni, best selling author of Terror Incorporated and Insurgent Iraq. She is an expert on financing of terrorism and advises several governments on counter-terrorism
Andreas Nick (Politiker), Member of German Parliament (Mitglied des Deutschen Bundestages), Germany
Pat O'Brien - Television personality
John E. Osborn - Former commissioner, U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy; affiliate faculty in law and international studies, University of Washington; senior executive with life sciences companies Cephalon and Onyx Pharmaceuticals
Claudio Pacifico - Italian diplomat, Italian Ambassador to Egypt
Ronald D. Palmer - Former U.S. Ambassador to Malaysia
Gerhard Pfanzelter - Secretary General of the CEI, Former Permanent Representative of Austria to the UN, Ambassador of Austria to Syria, Senegal, Gambia, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mali and Mauritania
Nicholas Platt - Former U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan, Philippines, and Zambia; former President of the Asia Society
Charles P. Ries - Current U.S. Minister for Economic Affairs and Coordinator for Economic Transition in Iraq, former U.S. Ambassador to Greece
Marcie Berman Ries - Former U.S. Ambassador to Albania
William A. Reinsch - Member of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, former President of the National Foreign Trade Council, former Under Secretary of Commerce for Export Administration
Arturo Sarukhán - Mexico's Ambassador to the United States
David Shear - U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam
Gabriel Silva Luján - Colombia's twice Ambassador to the United States, and Minister of Defence
Bandar bin Sultan - Saudi Arabia's former Ambassador to the United States
Cui Tiankai - People's Republic of China's Ambassador to the United States of America, former Vice Foreign Minister
Roberto Toscano - Italian diplomat, former Italian Ambassador to India, and Iran
Lousewies van der Laan - Former leader of Democrats 66 in the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Michael G. Vickers - Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, Department of Defense
Cassandra D. Waldon - Chief, External Communications Office, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Jacob Walles - U.S. Ambassador to Tunisia
Wang Guangya - People's Republic of China's Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the United Nation
Clifton R. Wharton, Jr. - Former U.S. Deputy Secretary of State
Jody Williams - Nobel Peace Prize recipient for her leadership of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines
Tomicah Tillemann - Senior Advisor to the U.S. Secretary of State for Civil Society and Emerging Democracies (MA, Ph.D.)
Irving A. Williamson - Commissioner of the U.S. International Trade Commission
Lois Wolk - member of the California State Senate
Anne E. Derse - U.S. Ambassador to Lithuania, SAIS'81
Andrew C. Kuchins - Director and Senior Fellow, Russia and Eurasia Program, Center for Strategic & International Studies (MA, Ph.D.)

Past and Present Faculty
Fouad Ajami - Professor of Middle Eastern Studies
Lucius D. Battle - Former U.S. Ambassador to Egypt, Assistant Secretary of State for the Near East and Africa, and President, Middle East Institute; founded SAIS Foreign Policy Institute
Peter Bergen - CNN terrorism analyst and author of Holy War, Inc
Zbigniew Brzezinski - Former National Security Advisor to President Jimmy Carter
Edward B. Burling - Partner of the law firm Covington & Burling
David P. Calleo - Director of European Studies, author of Rethinking Europe's Future
Marco Cesa - Professor of International Relations
Rajiv Chandrasekaran - Associate Editor, The Washington Post; former SAIS journalist-in-residence for the International Reporting Project, author of Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq's Green Zone
Eliot A. Cohen - Professor of Strategic Studies, former Counselor of the U.S. Department of State, author of Military Misfortunes: The Anatomy of Failure in War and Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime
W. Max Corden - Trade economist, developed Dutch disease model.
Francis Deng - Former Representative of the UN Secretary-General on Internally Displaced Persons
Luis Ernesto Derbez - Mexican Minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs
David Dodge - Former governor of the Bank of Canada
Eric S. Edelman - Former U.S. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, former U.S. Ambassador to Finland and Turkey, visiting scholar at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies and Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments
Jessica Einhorn - Current Dean of SAIS, member of the Board of Directors of Time Warner, former Director of the Council on Foreign Relations, and a former Managing Director of the World Bank
Francis Fukuyama - Professor of International Political Economy, Director of the SAIS International Development program, and author of The End of History and the Last Man
Grace Goodell - Professor of International Development
Jakub J. Grygiel - George H. W. Bush Assistant Professor of International Relations
Daniel Hamilton (scholar) - Director of the Center for Transatlantic Relations
Christian Herter - Former U.S. Secretary of State and Governor of Massachusetts
Josef Joffe - German journalist
Majid Khadduri - Professor of Islamic Law and Middle East specialist
Kenneth H. Keller - Current Director of the SAIS Bologna Center, former President of the University of Minnesota system
Pravin Krishna - Chung Ju Yung Professor of International Economics and Business
Anne O. Krueger - Professor of International Economics, former First Deputy Managing Director of the IMF and World Bank Chief Economist; former President, American Economic Association
David M. Lampton - George and Sadie Hyman Professor of China Studies, Director of the China Studies Program, and Dean of Faculty
Paul Linebarger - Former Professor of Asian Studies, best known as a science fiction author under the pseudonym Cordwainer Smith
Marisa Lino - Former Director of the SAIS Bologna Center, former U.S. Ambassador to Albania, and former Assistant Secretary for International Affairs at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Michael Mandelbaum - Professor of American Foreign Policy
Mohamed Mattar - Executive Director of The Protection Project
John E. McLaughlin - Former Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution
Robert H. Mundell - Nobel Prize in Economics laureate, 1999
Kendall Myers - Former U.S. Foreign Service Officer and SAIS part-time faculty member who was arrested in 2009 on charges of 30 years of espionage on behalf of Cuba
Azar Nafisi - Iranian-American academic and author of Reading Lolita in Tehran and "Things I've Been Silent About"
Paul H. Nitze - Drafter of NSC-68 creating the U.S. Cold War strategy of containment
Don Oberdorfer - Journalist, Korea expert
Robert E. Osgood - Third Dean of SAIS, former Director of the American Foreign Policy program and co-director of the Security Studies program, and former member of the U.S. Secretary of State's Policy Planning Council from 1983 to 1985.[21]
Henry Paulson - Former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Bernard Schwartz Forum on Constructive Capitalism
Riordan Roett - Professor of Latin American Studies
Carlo Maria Santoro - Former Professor of International Relations
Stephen M. Schwebel - Former Edward B. Burling Professor of International Law and Organization at SAIS and former Judge and President of the International Court of Justice, currently leading international arbitrator and counsel in Washington, D.C.
András Simonyi - Former Ambassador of Hungary to the United States
Robert Skidelsky - Economist, biographer of John Maynard Keynes
R. Jeffrey Smith - Former journalist-in-residence, Pulitzer Prize winner
Dorothy Sobol - Former Vice-president of Federal Reserve Bank of New York
Stephen Szabo - Former Professor of European Studies, current Head of the Transatlantic Academy at the German Marshall Fund
Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli - Former Research Professor, former Special Assistant to the President and National Security Council Senior Director for Democracy, Human Rights and International Operations
Nate Thayer (Visiting Scholar) - Investigative journalist who interviewed Pol Pot and Kang Kek Iew
Dale C. Thomson - Director of the Center of Canadian Studies, author, Secretary/Advisor to Canadian Prime Minister, Louis St. Laurent
Robert W. Tucker - Former Professor of American Foreign Policy, and co-author of The Imperial Temptation: The New World Order and America's Purpose
David Unger - Journalist, Member of the New York Times Editorial Board, author of The Emergency State: America's Pursuit of Absolute Security at All Costs
Ruth Wedgwood - Edward B. Burling Professor of International Law and Diplomacy, and Director of the Program in International Law and Organizations; U.S. member of the United Nations Human Rights Committee
Paul Wolfowitz - Former President of the World Bank, former U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense, former Dean of SAIS
I. William Zartman - Former Professor and Director of the SAIS Conflict Management program
Alejandro Toledo (Visiting Scholar) - Former President of Peru.

E-Resource Centre Opening

E-book ေပါင္း (၄) သန္းေက်ာ္ပါ၀င္ေသာ Resource Center အား
International Center of Excellence တြင္တည္ေထာင္
(19-3-14)

ရန္ကုန္တကၠသိုလ္၊ သိပၸံေဆာင္တြင္ International Center of Excellence တြင္ iGroup မွ CEO ျဖစ္သူ Mr. Pote N. Lee မွ ပံ့ပိုးကူညီမႈျဖင့္ Resource Center ကို ၂၀၁၄ ခုႏွစ္ ဇန္န၀ါရီလတြင္ တည္ေထာင္ခဲ့ပါသည္။ အဆိုပါ Resource Center အား Korea International cooperation Agency (KOICA) မွလွဴဒါန္းထားေသာ IBM Server ျဖင့္ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားေသာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ၂၅ လံုးတပ္ဆင္ထားေသာ ICoE ၏ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ခန္းတြင္တည္ေထာင္ထားျခင္း ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ အဆိုပါ resource center တြင္ Online Data Base (O.D.B) စနစ္ကို အသံုးျပဳထားျပီး အဆိုပါ စနစ္တြင္ စာအုပ္ေပါင္း (e-book) ၂ သန္းေက်ာ္၊ စာတန္းျပဳစုသူမ်ား ေထာက္အကူျဖစ္ေစႏိုင္ေသာ ျပဳစုျပီးနမူနာ စာတန္းေပါင္း ၁ သန္းေက်ာ္ ႏွင့္ ရွားပါးစာအုပ္ေပါင္း ၁ သန္းေက်ာ္ စုစုေပါင္း ၄ သန္းေက်ာ္ပါ၀င္ပါသည္။
အဆိုပါ resource center ၏ ဖြင့္ပြဲအခမ္းအနား အား ၂၀၁၄ခုႏွစ္၊ မတ္လ (၁၉) ရက္ေန႔၊ ညေန (၅း၀၀) နာရီမွ (၆း၃၀) ခ်ိန္တြင္က်င္းပခဲ့ပါသည္။ အဆိုပါအခမ္းအနားတြင္ သူရဦးေသာင္းလြင္၊ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္သမၼတရုံး ႏိုင္ငံေရးအၾကံေပး၊ ဦးကိုကိုလိႈင္ U.S Embassy မွ Deputy Chief of Mission Ms. Virginia Murray၊ USAID မွ Director for Myanmar ျဖစ္သူ Mr. Chris Milligan ၊ Johns Hopkins University၊ SAIS ၏ အေရွ႕ေတာင္အာရွ ေရးရာ Director ႏွင့္ International Center of Excellenc ၏ ဥကၠဌ ျဖစ္သူ Dr. Karl Jackson၊ ICoE ၏တြဲဖက္ဥကၠဌ ေဒၚယူဇာေမာ္ထြန္း၊ မဂၤလာျမန္မာမွ ဒါရိုက္တာျဖစ္သူ ေဒါက္တာဖုန္း၀င္းႏွင့္ ဖိတၾ္ကားထားေသာ ဧည့္သည္ေတာ္မ်ား စုစုေပါင္း (၆၀) ဦးတို႔တက္ေရာက္ခဲ့ၾကပါသည္။
အခမ္းအနားတြင္ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္သမၼတ ႏိုင္ငံေရးအၾကံေပး၊ ဦးကိုကိုလိႈင္၊ International Center of Excellence ၏ ဥကၠဌ ျဖစ္သူ Dr. Karl Jackson၊ U.S Embassy ၏ Deputy Chief of Mission၊ Ms. Viginia Murray၊ iGroup မွ CEO ျဖစ္သူ Mr. Pote N. Lee တို႔မွ အသီးသီး အမွာစကားေျပာၾကားခဲ့ပါသည္။ ထိုေနာက္ e-resource center အသံုးျပဳပံုကို သရုပ္ျပသမႈ ကို ဧည့္သည္ေတာ္မ်ားမွ ၾကည့္ရႈေလ့လာခဲ့ၾကပါသည္။ ဧည္သည္ေတာ္မ်ားအား လက္ဖၻက္ရည္ျဖင့္ တည္ခင္း ဧည့္ခံ၍ အခမ္းအနားအားရုပ္သိမ္းခဲ့ပါသည္။

ရန္ကုန္တကၠသိုလ္ သိပၸံေဆာင္ရွိ International Center of Excellence (ICoE) တြင္ စာအုပ္ေပါင္း ၄ သန္းေက်ာ္ ဖတ္႐ႈႏိုင္မည့္ အီလက္ထရြန္းနစ္ စာၾကည့္တိုက္ Resource Center ကို ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံ အေျခစိုက္ iGroup မွ အမႈေဆာင္အရာရွိခ်ဳပ္ Mr.Pote N. Lee ၏ ပံပိုးမႈျဖင့္ မတ္လ တတိယ အပတ္အတြင္း စတင္ ဖြင့္လွစ္လိုက္ေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။

ယင္းစာၾကည့္တိုက္ Resource Center တြင္ Online Data Base (O.B.D) ျဖင့္ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားေသာ e-book ၂ သန္းေက်ာ္၊ စာတမ္း ျပဳစုသူမ်ား အေထာက္ကူ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေစသည့္ ျပဳစုၿပီး နမူနာ စာတမ္းေပါင္း ၁ သန္းေက်ာ္ႏွင့္ ရွားပါး စာအုပ္ေပါင္း ၁ သန္း စုစုေပါင္း စာအုပ္ ၄ သန္းေက်ာ္အား ဖတ္႐ႈႏိုင္မည္ ျဖစ္သည္။

သင္တန္းသားမ်ား အသံုးျပဳမႈ လြယ္ကူေစရန္ အတြက္ Resource Center ရွိ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ၂၅ လံုးတြင္ Database စနစ္ျဖင့္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ထားျခင္း ျဖစ္ၿပီး သင္တန္းသား တဦးခ်င္းစီအတြက္ Registering မ်ား ျပဳလုပ္ၿပီး ID ကတ္မ်ား အသံုးျပဳ ဖတ္ရႈရမည္ဟု သိရသည္။

iGroup သည္ အာရွ ပစိဖိတ္ ေဒသရွိ ပညာေရးႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ ကိစၥရပ္မ်ားတြင္ အဓိကထား ကူညီပံ့ပိုးမႈမ်ား ေပးလ်က္ရွိသည့္ ကုမၸဏီ ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။ iGroup က Database မ်ား e-journal, e-book မ်ား အျပင္ စာၾကည့္တိုက္ဆိုင္ရာ အသံုးခ် သိပၸံပညာရပ္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပံုႏွိပ္ ထုတ္ေဝျခင္း ဆိုင္ရာမ်ားကို အဓိကထား ကူညီ ေဆာင္ရြက္လ်က္ ရွိသည္။

“သုေတသန ျပဳလုပ္ရာမွာ ဒီလိုမ်ိဳး အီလက္ထေရာနစ္ စာၾကည့္တိုက္ေတြ လိုအပ္တယ္။ ေလာေလာဆယ္ေတာ့ သူတို႔ရဲ႕ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္က ရန္ကုန္တကၠသိုလ္က Master နဲ႔ PhD ေက်ာင္းသားေတြ အတြက္ အဓိက စီစဥ္ထားတယ္။ သူတို႔ေတြ ရည္ၫႊန္း လုပ္ႏိုင္ေအာင္ ကိုးကား ႏိုင္ေအာင္လို႔ပါ” ဟု iGroup မွ ဦးေအာင္ေမာ္က ဧရာဝတီကို ေျပာသည္။

ယင္းစာၾကည့္တိုက္တြင္ IBM Server ျဖင့္ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားေသာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ၂၅ လံုး တပ္ဆင္ထားၿပီး အသံုးျပဳသူမ်ား အဆင္ေျပ လြယ္ကူေစရန္ ဖိုက္ဘာစနစ္ အင္တာနက္ ကြန္ရက္အား တည္ေဆာက္ထားေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။ Master တန္းႏွင့္ PhD သင္တန္းသားမ်ား အတြက္ တနလၤာမွ ေသာၾကာေန႔ အထိ နံနက္ ၈ နာရီမွ ညေန ၅ နာရီအထိ ဖြင့္လွစ္ေပးထားေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။

“အခုအလွဴရွင္ေတြ ထပ္ေပၚလာတယ္။ အင္တာနက္လိုင္းေတြ ပိုေကာင္းေအာင္ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မယ္၊ လိုအပ္တဲ့ ပစၥည္းေတြ ထပ္ျဖည့္ ၿပီးရင္ေတာ့ ရန္ကုန္တကၠသိုလ္ထဲမွာ ရွိတဲ့ တျခားဌာနက ေက်ာင္းသားေတြ အားလံုး သံုးႏိုင္ေအာင္ လုပ္သြား ပါဦးမယ္” ဟု ဦးေအာင္ေမာ္က ဆိုသည္။

ယင္းစာၾကည့္တိုက္အား Mr.Pote N Lee (Myanmar Book Center) ၏ ကူညီမႈျဖင့္ ယခုႏွစ္ ဇန္နဝါရီလ အတြင္း စတင္ အေကာင္အထည္ ေဖာ္ခဲ့ျခင္း ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။

ဦးေအာင္ေမာ္က “ ဒီစာၾကည့္တိုက္မွာ တခ်ိဳ႕ စာအုပ္ေတြက ရွားပါး စာအုပ္ေတြ၊ စာတမ္းေတြ အကုန္ ရွိတယ္။ ႏိုင္ငံတကာမွာ ရွိတဲ့ ထုတ္ေဝသူေတြက ဒီလိုထြက္သမွ် စာအုပ္ေတြကို e-Book လုပ္ၿပီး၊ ႏိုင္ငံတကာမွာ ရွိတဲ့ ေက်ာင္းေတြ တကၠသိုလ္ေတြကို ေရာင္းတယ္။ အဲဒီကေန ျပန္ဝယ္ၿပီး ဒီလို စာၾကည့္တိုက္ ဖြင့္တာပါ။ ဒီအတြက္ ကုန္က်စရိတ္က တႏွစ္ကို ေဒၚလာ ေသာင္းဂဏန္းေလာက္ အထိ ကုန္က်စရိတ္ ရွိပါတယ္” ဟု ဆိုသည္။

“ဒီ Resource Center က အခုမွ ဖြင့္တယ္ဆိုေတာ့ သိပ္ၿပီး တြင္တြင္က်ယ္က်ယ္ေတာ့ မသံုးျဖစ္ေသးဘူး။ ဒါေပမယ့္ အရင္ကထက္ စာရင္ အမ်ားႀကီး အေထာက္အကူ ရမွာပါ” ဟု ႏိုင္ငံတကာ ဆက္ဆံေရး ဘာသာရပ္ ဘြဲ႔လြန္ မာစတာတန္း တက္ေရာက္ေနေသာ ေက်ာင္းသူတဦးက ဆိုသည္။

ယခင္ အစိုးရ လက္ထက္က ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ IBC ခန္းမ အတြင္း အီလက္ထရြန္းနစ္ စာၾကည့္တိုက္ အေကာင္အထည္ ေဖာ္ခဲ့ေသာ္လည္း ကုန္က်စရိတ္ မ်ားျပားျခင္း၊ ပညာေရးဝန္ႀကီး ဌာနအေနျဖင့္ ဘတ္ဂ်တ္ေငြ ရရွိမႈ နည္းပါးမႈတို႔ေၾကာင့္ ဆက္လက္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ျခင္း မရွိခဲ့ေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။

ရန္ကုန္တကၠသိုလ္ရွိ International Center of Excellence ကို အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ အေျခစိုက္ John Hopkin တကၠသိုလ္ႏွင့္ ပညာေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာနတို႔ ပူးေပါင္း ဖြင့္လွစ္ထားၿပီး  ျမန္မာ တႏိုင္ငံလံုးရွိ တကၠသိုလ္ ဆရာ၊ ဆရာမမ်ားႏွင့္ စိတ္ပါဝင္စားသူ ၄၀ ဦးခန္႔ ေရြးခ်ယ္ကာ ႏိုင္ငံတကာ ဆက္ဆံေရး ဘာသာရပ္ သင္တန္းမ်ားကို ျပည္ပႏိုင္ငံမ်ားမွ ဆရာမ်ား ကိုယ္တိုင္ ေျခာက္လ တႀကိမ္ ႏွစ္စဥ္ ပို႔ခ်ေပးလ်က္ ရွိေနေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။
(http://burma.irrawaddy.org/news/2014/03/28/56824.html )

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The International Center of Excellence at Yangon University (ICOE)

The International Center of Excellence at Yangon University (ICOE) was founded on 10 January 2013 in collaboration with the Ministry of Education of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.The ICOE as the primary center designated by the Myanmar government for post-graduate education in Lower Myanmar, the ICOE facilitates student and faculty development and collaborative research opportunities.

ICOE has an Advisory Board.  Members of the Advisory Board are representatives from the Office of the President of Myanmar, the Ministry of Education and Yangon University; Professor Karl Jackson and Dr. Jae Ku of SAIS, Johns Hopkins University; professors from Chang Ang University; and leaders from Myanmar.

The Ministry of Education is in the process of refurbishing the Science Building on the Yangon University campus to house the ICOE. The ICOE building will serve as an incubator for other international inputs to higher education, offering under its own authority, office space and teaching facilities to incoming programs.

The ICOE will offer courses to current faculty and graduate students and to seek funding to send junior faculties abroad for training.  Initial courses and workshops sponsored by the ICOE will concentrate on public policy and political economy as well as workshops in law, technology, and medicine.

In the spring of 2013, the International Center of Excellence at YU began course instruction in International Relations and Development.  On January 21, 2013, a SAIS/Chung Ang University-organized and KOICA funded collaboration of American and Korean university professors been teaching a series of sixteen graduate level courses in “International Relations and Development Studies“ at Yangon University.

The ICOE will encourage joint research projects between visiting scholars and faculty and graduate students from selected departments of Yangon University as well as other universities affiliated with ICOE.

A sample of the courses to be taught over the next year include: International Relations; Principles of Economics; the Asian Growth Model; International Security, and Foreign Policy Analysis.

The ICOE is an open-architecture designed to attract different universities, private companies, foundations, and NGOs bound together only by the desire to increase the quality of higher education in Myanmar.

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Graduate Program Breathes New Life Into Rangoon University

Rangoon University will be accepting a broad range of applicants for a new graduate-level program in international relations this fall, in a trilateral partnership breathing new life into Burma’s once-suffocated higher education system.

The university’s International Center of Excellence (ICOE) was started in conjunction with the Ministry of Education and is run entirely by US-based Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) and South Korea’s Chung-Ang University.

Karl Jackson, the head of the ICOE, as well as the director of Asian and Southeast Asian studies programs at SAIS, told The Irrawaddy recently that the program would be free from interference by the government, which has a long history of tightly controlling Burma’s universities.

“The guarantee from the minister of education was that we’d have complete academic freedom and autonomy,” he said, adding that this has also been true for the entirety of the program’s first run, when classes have been “indistinguishable from the kinds of interactions you would have had from teaching the same course at SAIS.”

The one-year program first started in January 2013 with 35 fellows, recruited from junior faculty members at universities around Rangoon. This upcoming academic year, for the first time, administrators will be recruiting applicants on a wider scale for the program that is set to begin in November.

Once one of the most prestigious universities in the region, Rangoon University was the scene of intense protests and subsequent crackdowns during decades of military rule. Junta authorities shuttered the university for long periods of time, eventually allowing in only graduate students and sending undergraduates to satellite campuses in far-off places to limit the ability of students to gather and protest en masse. In the process, the quality of Burma’s academic programs deteriorated dramatically.

The center was created in an attempt to bring in outside knowledge and input to the university, which was for decades the victim of government neglect and outright suppression of academic freedom.

“What we hope to do,” Jackson said, “is to get enough people exposed to amounts of knowledge from the outside world, so that they can then train the next generation of students. The concept is to train the trainers.” He explained that, in potentially two years, ICOE would mainstream the international relations program back to the university and move on to other subjects.

On a recent campus visit, fellows were fanned out across classrooms and a new computer lab donated by South Korea’s International Cooperation Agency (KOICA), hard at work on theses whose topics ranged from ethnic conflict in Burma to changes in international relations education in the country.

When asked how classes might differ from those they have had in the past, one fellow who wished to remain anonymous remarked, “Some past times, we were not allowed to talk about whatever we thought. All our thoughts were like imprisoned,” but in the ICOE classes, she continued, “We can express whatever we think and we can discuss whatever we have in our minds.”

Although they do have state-of-the-art machines to work on, Peter Birgbauer, a consultant for SAIS who is facilitating the thesis process at the ICOE, said the computers alone were not always enough.

“High-speed Internet is a problem for us,” he said. The painstakingly slow connection has been crippling students’ ability to download and print academic articles, as well as hampering the center’s plans to build a virtual library.

Because all current and future fellows must already have a degree to apply, the center does stand the risk of excluding people who have been denied higher education in Burma for political reasons, as well as those who did not wish to attend military-backed higher education programs. When asked to comment on that risk, Jackson said the center would remain open to people who were qualified.

“Let’s hope that the future of higher education in Myanmar will also have a place for those people who’ve missed a step on the escalator, so to speak, so that they can get back in the game,” he said.

Access to the campus has been restricted for years, especially to foreign visitors who are usually turned away at the gate. Although the ICOE says interested individuals are now allowed on campus, including foreign ones, this journalist was denied entry on one out of two attempts to visit the main campus.

The ICOE is offering a certificate degree in international relations. The 12-course program, with classes on everything from economics to theories of international relations, is meant to provide a graduate-level education in international relations, and is housed in the old science center on campus, recently refurbished by the Ministry of Education.

Internet troubles and long hours aside, Jackson said the program is well worth the effort.

“It is just exciting as hell to watch a great institution begin to get to its feet again,” he said, adding, “If Myanmar can push through over the next couple of years and really open up society and build capacity in its universities, then it will join the ranks of Asian tigers.  It should have been there to begin with.”

( http://www.irrawaddy.org/z_education/graduate-program-breathes-new-life-rangoon-university.html )
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